Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory free essay sample

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the first theories of motivation and probably the best-known one. It was first presented in 1943. in Dr. Abraham Maslow’s article A Theory of Human Motivation in Psychological Review, and was further expanded in his book â€Å"Toward a Psychology of Being†. Maslow tried to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation. His research was based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than prior psychology theories from authors such as Freud and B. F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behaviour. The basis of  Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory  is that people are motivated by needs that remain unsatisfied, and that certain lower factors have  to be satisfied in order for higher needs to be recognized as unfulfilled. Maslow presented five sets of human needs that drive human behaviour. These needs have been organized into hierarchy of relative dominance according to their appearance in human life. We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Figure 1: Maslow’s pyramid of needs Physiological Needs Also known as Survival needs, are those required to sustain life, such as: * Breathing * Thirst * Hunger * Sleep Sexual desire etc. According to  this theory, if these fundamental needs are not satisfied then one will surely be motivated to satisfy them. Safety Needs Once physiological needs are met, ones attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by: * Living in a safe area * Medical insurance * Job security * Financial reserves According to the Maslow hierarchy, if a person feels threatened, needs further up  Maslows  Needs  Pyramid will not receive attention until that need has been resolved. Social Needs Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level  motivators awaken. The first in level of higher needs are social needs. Social needs are those related to interaction with others and may include: * Friendship * Belonging to a group * Giving and receiving love Esteem Needs After a person feels  that they  belong, the  urge to attain a degree of importance emerges. Esteem needs can be categorized  as external motivators and internal motivators. Internally motivating  esteem needs are those  such as  self-esteem, accomplishment, and self respect. External esteem needs are those such as reputation and recognition. Some examples of esteem needs are: * Recognition (external motivator) * Attention  (external motivator) * Social Status (external motivator) * Accomplishment (internal motivator) * Self-respect (internal motivator) Maslow later improved his model to  add a  layer  in between  self-actualization and  esteem needs: the need for aesthetics and knowledge. Self-Actualization Self-actualization is the summit of Maslows motivation theory. It is about the quest of reaching ones full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have  motivators such as: * Truth * Justice * Wisdom * Meaning Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of  peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. Maslow has separated these five needs into higher and lower orders. Lower-order needs are physiological and safety needs, while social, esteem and self-actualization are higher-order needs. Lower order needs are satisfied externally (with salary, union contract etc. , whereas higher-order needs are satisfied internally (within the person). Limitations and Criticism Though Maslows hierarchy makes sense intuitively, little empirical evidence supports his needs hierarchy. Recent research  challenges the order  that the needs are imposed by Maslows pyramid. Most criticism is focused on the fact that Maslow has conducted his research on US employees. So hierarchy of needs is based on their preferences. As an  example, in some cultures, social needs are placed more fundamentally than any others (eg. Nordic countries). Security needs are on the top of the hierarchy in countries where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong (Japan, Greece, Mexico). Additionally,  little evidence suggests that people satisfy exclusively one motivating need at a time,  other than situations where needs conflict. Business Management Implications Maslow’s theory is logical and easy to understand, that is why it is widely used by managers worldwide. There are important considerations for management including insights into the best way to motivate employees, vendors, clients and customers. An important thing to understand is that everyone is not motivated by the same needs. At various points in their lives and careers,  various  employees will be motivated by  completely different needs. It is  imperative that managers recognize each employees needs currently being pursued. In order to motivate their employees,  they must understand the current level of needs at which the employee finds themselves, and leverage needs for workplace motivation. Managers can use Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to find and create ways to motivate employees by carefully considering how needs play into their job design, compensation, management style and so forth. For example, managers can harness the power of physiological needs by providing wages that are sufficient for employees to purchase their basic needs. Safety needs can be addressed by providing job security, retirement benefits and a safe working environment. Social needs are addressed by developing a team atmosphere, making sure that employees know that they are a part of something bigger and they can count on their team members just as their team members should be able to count on them. From a product development, sales and marketing perspective, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is just as legitimate. Companies can develop products to help satisfy particular needs and they can also focus on particular needs as a way to market and sell something. For example, a clothing manufacturer can focus on physiological needs such as the need to be protected from the environment and to be warm. And they can also focus on esteem and self actualization needs by producing garments that improve a person’s self esteem or self perception and give them the confidence to pursue their self-actualization needs.

Buddhist Ethicle Teachings Essay Example

Buddhist Ethicle Teachings Essay Example Buddhist Ethicle Teachings Essay Buddhist Ethicle Teachings Essay Greeting noble beings of the known world I am a Buddhist monk hear to teach you a little bit about our ethical teachings. Sounds like fun, so lets get straight into it. Buddhism is not only a world religion but it is also a philosophy with between 230 and 500 million followers. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, simply known as â€Å"the Buddha† he is said to have lived in the 5th century BCE in ancient India. Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to ones self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful. In Buddhism, there is much talk of a skilled mind. A mind that is skilful avoids actions that are likely to cause suffering or remorse. The five precepts is one of the texts that contain the basic Buddhist code of ethics. The precepts are commitments to abstain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Another text that is associated with the Buddhist ethical teaching’s is the vinaya. Vinaya can be translated to mean leading out, education and discipline this text also instructs the Buddhist on how to behave. Buddhism has no rules prohibiting homosexuality but in the vinaya the Buddha is opposed to those who openly express homosexual desires and actions. The Buddhist texts do contain a large amount of relationships between men witch some believe to be of homosexual nature even though no sexual contact is mentioned in these instances. Lay Buddhists are Buddhists that aren’t monks, are expected to follow the Five Precepts, the third of which is to â€Å"not engage in sexual misconduct†. What is sexual misconduct? I hear you say well to answer this Buddhists decide their actions by considering the following. Univerasalizability principle How would I like it if someone did this to me? Consequences Does the act causes harm and regret (in oneself or others) or benefit and joy? Utilitarian principle Will the act help or harm the attainment of goals (ultimately spiritual liberation)? Intention Is the act motivated by love, generosity and understanding? Therefore activities such as sexual harassment, child molestation and adultery are considered sexual misconduct. As homosexuality does not come under any of these headings it is considered an appropriate activity and is said that it should be interpreted the same way as heterosexuality. In theory homosexuality is aloud with Buddhist but in practice it is not openly expressed but this is because of the cultural norms of countries. This is also due to the notion of karma which is practiced in many Buddhist countries. Homosexuality is seen as a karmic punishment for committing sexual misconduct in a past life. The five precepts impact a Buddhist directly as it contains information on how one should behave. Furthermore, the five precepts are not commandments or rules but they are a way of training a Buddhist to be kind, honest, truthful to others and one self by: not killing, refraining from sexual misconduct, listening to others, ceasing gossip, respect to others and avoid mistreating drugs and alcohol on a day to day basis. This teaches Buddhists to be respectful, kind and honest people not only to others but to themselves.

Why Did the US Become Embroiled in Vietnam Essay

Why Did the US Become Embroiled in Vietnam - Essay Example From unanimous support, the American public gradually moved to complete rejection of the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam. Simultaneously, political scholars and the common public tried to discover the main causes of the U.S.’s intervention in Vietnam. The current state of political science offers multiple explanations to the U.S.’s decision to intervene Vietnam. From political to economic and international relations explanations, public opinions of the Vietnam War vary across individuals and countries. More often than not, the Vietnam War is believed to be the sign of the U.S.’s power arrogance, although it is possible to assume that the Vietnam War also resulted from the domestic bureaucracy and balance of power concerns in America during the Cold War. That the Vietnam War remains one of the most controversial aspects of American history cannot be denied. Much has been written and said about the causes and consequences of the Vietnam War. More often than no t, the Vietnam War is claimed to be a result of the U.S.’s power arrogance. In other words, the United States used its intervention to Vietnam to reaffirm its political and military superiority and used the Vietnam War to achieve its political objectives. However, the relevance of other interpretations cannot be disregarded. The U.S. embroiled in Vietnam because (a) domestic bureaucracy misinterpreted the seriousness of the political situation in Vietnam and (b) the rapid expansion of communism in the Vietnamese territories shifted the balance of power in the international political arena. All these interpretations have their strengths and deficiencies and all of them deserve professional attention. The arrogance of power is one of the most common explanations of the Vietnam War. Put simply, the Vietnam War is believed to be the sign of the U.S.’s striving to reestablish its military and political superiority in the East Asian region. The arrogance of power philosophy implies that, as the biggest and most powerful nation in the world, America wanted to use its power by all possible means and at every possible opportunity (Anonymous 126). Actually, the arrogance of power word combination was borrowed from the speech delivered by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman J. William Fulbright, who warned the Senate that the U.S.’s embroilment in Vietnam would result in the escalation of violence in China (Anonymous 126). In his speech Fulbright expressed doubts as for whether the United States was able and willing to overcome arrogance of power that had weakened and destroyed earlier nations and people (Anonymous 126). In Fulbright’s view, the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam meant that the country and its leaders could distinguish power from virtue and, instead, believed that its superiority and power were but a product of God’s favor (Anonymous 126). The arrogance of power interpretation of the U.S.’s embroilm ent in Vietnam suggests that, throughout its history, the United States existed in the atmosphere of an ongoing conflict between Puritanism and democracy and, at times of heightened emotions, Puritanism would break through and border on unreasonable moralism (Lobe). As a result, arrogant in its power, the United States would view its military operations as a quest for morality, freedom and democracy – the philosophy that has continuously guided all American operations until present. Despite the growing amount of evidence supporting this view, this interpretation is not without weaknesses. The main criticism relates to the relationship between arrogance and the beginning of the Vietnam War. On the one hand, at the heart of American intervention was more than one

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Essay

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer - Essay Example These three aspects have been a characteristic of society since the creation of the first social group. This then highlights the intrinsic extent of inequality. However, in the aim of maintaining the objectivity of this paper, economic inequality will be the principal focus. This is hinged on the fact that the main distinguishing element in the contemporary society is phrased in economic terms. The economic power and potential of an individual is used to elevate them into higher status. As such, the main rationale for this eventuality is the wage inequality of the contemporary society. A majority of the people are dependent, wholly, on the wages as their principal source of income. This translates to mean that changes in level of wage are bound to instigate a change in economic capabilities of the household. In this way, the rich continue to increase their wealth while the poor continue to struggle out of economic troubles that are continuously becoming difficult. In the endeavor of explicating on this pertinent issue, this paper will expound on the complexities of this subject matter. As such, it will include the work of Richard Reich, which tackles this issue. Economic inequality is at times regarded as an intrinsic element that cannot be removed. However, with the proper policies and attitude changes, this much needed realignment will be eventually be realized. In the absence of this, the level of inequality will continue to increase rapidly. The existence of inequality is imperative for the growth of a society. This is hinged on the rationale that this inequality is at times an element of motivation. As such its absence will lead to many looking for external motivating factors to work hard in life. There is always going to be those individuals I society who does not want to work hard like the other kinfolk. As such, with persons such as those in the society, it is a remarkable feat to counter the effects of such behavior. These assertions do not signal the absence strategies and subsequent policies that have been structured to aid in the reduction in the level of inequality. Rather, these assertions propagate the notion that these pre-existing policies are not efficient towards realizing this goal. As such, there is a need to offer fashion new strategies and polices that have a higher probability of realizing this goal of equality reduction. However, prior to embarking on the exercise of strategizing, it is essential to understand, first, the complexities of economic inequality. Robert Reich dedicates his article, â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† to this increasing economical gap between the upper, middle and lower class of people. To this fact, he employs the use of metaphors that are characterized by three boats. He continues to assert that these three boats are rising and falling. The rate with which these boats are sinking is varied. Additionally, it is dependent on the occupants and their role in corporate America (Reich 309). The boat representing the workers involved in routine processes is sinking at a rapid rate. The second boat represents the in-person servers and its rate of sinking is slow. However, in contradiction to the two previous boats, the third boat is rising steadily. This boat represents the symbolic analysts. Instead of simply stating the members of each boat and their respective rate of sinking, Reich gives the adopted rationale for the theory. The rapid rate of the first boat of routine workers is because of outsourcing initiatives employed by American firms (Reich, 310). What is referred to as cheap production alternatives is detrimental to the welfare of these routine workers. American firms, and many international firms, are

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 6

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment Example As a result, Vasquez has dealt with Freeman as he would have dealt with the principal; Juanco is therefore liable to compensate Vasquez for the amount of the supply (Mallor., 2009). A decision with a similar implication was arrived at in Billups Petroleum Company vs. Hardin’s Bakeries Corp 63 So 2d 543 Miss (1953) where a principle was found liable for acts of an agent acting outside the scope of his employment as in the present case Even though the defendant did not expressly authorize the new order and confirmed it, it was done by his assistant who the plaintiff had reasonable grounds to believe was acting under the authority of the principle thus creating an unwritten agency relationship as the principle was on leave. Vasquez therefore deserves compensation. It is immaterial to the case that the defendant had confirmed orders himself for the last 9 years as it does not rule out possibility of creating an agency relationship by

The South Korean Plastic Surgery Craze

The South Korean Plastic Surgery Craze Plastic surgery has become a craze among South Koreans since the beginning of the twenty first century. South Korea has the highest rate of plastic surgery than any other country in the world, with 74 procedures per 10,000 people (Winchester, 2013). Majority of people in Korea believe that facial appearance is an important factor in measuring one’s success in life. This paper argues that plastic surgery in South Korea needs a limitation and the plastic surgery craze in Korea has to be stopped. Three reasons why plastic surgery has to be reduced are because of plastic surgery addiction, standardization in physical appearance and side effects of cosmetic operations. Plastic surgery was introduced in Korea by Dr. Ralph Millard, an American plastic surgeon, who arrived in Korea in 1954 and performed double eyelid surgeries for Korean patients (Stone, 2013). Millard’s role was to help treat accident and burnt victims but he decided to help in a different way. Millard thought that a more western appearance would help Koreans assimilate better in the emerging international economy. (Millard. R, n.d.). The surgery quickly caught on and the first aesthetic surgery clinic opened in Korea in 1961. From then, numbers of women undergoing plastic surgeries increased from year to year. Currently double eyelids and nose jobs are so common that they are not named surgery but called as â€Å"procedure†. It is true to say that once Koreans desired to look more western, but nowadays cosmetic operations are not to look more western but to look more stunning as what Koreans think. According to Dr. Hyunenong Park (as cited in Stone, 2013), a plastic su rgeon in Korea, said â€Å"Even though many Caucasians have small and slim faces, it doesnt mean Asians want to be like Caucasians. If you inspect some Caucasian celebrities, you find countless examples of prominent jaws and high cheekbones. Nonetheless, if you inspect Asian celebrities, they all have small jaws and cheekbones. That’s because small and slim face is ideal to most Koreans†. This shows that Koreans undergoing plastic surgeries still look for distinctively Korean feature, rather than looks similar to Caucasian. Some people argue that plastic surgery boosts self-confidence and decreases the rate of depression in patients. Patients suffering from a health issue related to physical appearances had a great change in how they feel about themselves after procedure. For instance, a study found that patients who surgically altered their physical appearance, claimed to achieve their goal, felt healthier, less anxious and developed more self-esteem compared to those who chose not to have plastic surgery (Royal University of Bhutan, 2013). Moreover, researchers found out that plastic surgery plays a major role in decreasing depression in patients with appearance issues. Research carried out by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (2006), demonstrated a high correlation between plastic surgery procedures and mitigating depression in patients. The research showed 31 percent of the patients electing for the procedure who was currently on anti-depressants, had stopped taking anti-depressant medication for six months, after the surgery (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2006). This shows that plastic surgery does play an important role in enhancing ones self-esteem and decreasing the level of depression but overdone plastic surgeries are causing major problems in our society. Peoples obsession with plastic surgery, is one of the reasons why plastic surgery needs to be reduced. Most of the people have something they don’t like about their appearance, but if it is not serious and does not affect our daily live, it is not necessary to undergo surgeries. Whereas in Korea, people have become more open about ‘reconstructing’ their face and procedures like eye-and-nose jobs have become what they call â€Å"basics† Furthermore, people’s obsession with plastic surgery is moving on from the ‘basics’ to radical surgical operations that require long painful recovery period which is potentially dangerous surgery (Standen, 2013). These people who are not satisfied with their current appearance and go through numerous procedures are suffering from Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). BDD refers to people who continually find flaws in areas where there are no flaws and need to proceed several times of surgeries (ADAA, n.d.). They perceive themselves as being ugly while others could see him or her as physically attractive and are hardly satisfied with their appearance. Many people in Korea are currently experiencing this disorder but they are not conscious about it and this can lead to severe side effect. For example, a former Korean model Hang Mioku, addicted to plastic surgery, injected cooking oil into her face because plastic surgeons refused to perform any more plastic surgeries on her (Nair, 2013). Her face is badly disfigured but she is still desperate for softer, smoother skin. This Korean model is actually suffering from BDD but she is not conscious of the fact that she has a mental disorder. Another reason why there needs to be a limitation to plastic surgery is because careless operations cause serious side effects. According to the Korean Consumer Agency (as cited by Lim, 2014), rate of medical dispute on cosmetic surgery was the highest of all medical disputes in the year 2013 and it increased 28.5 percent more in the year 2014. Due to the enormous expansion of aesthetic surgery industry, plastic surgeons are not enough to cover all the patients and as a result, many unqualified plastic surgeons or doctors from other medical fields known as the ‘shadow doctors’ are doing procedures for. Shadow doctors, substitute plastic surgeons, are reported to be the main cause of the huge increase in medical incidents that were reported in recent years (Yoo, 2015). 70 percent of plastic surgery malpractice suits that were reported are from asymmetric problems followed by prosthesis failure, inflammation and post-scars (Lee, 2015). These side effects lead to health and mental diseases or even death. For instance, Kim Bok Soon, a patient who wanted to have her nose done to gain more self- confidence, was convinced by an unqualified doctor to have fifteen operations done to look like a celebrity but the result came out as a disaster. After the procedure, she cannot close her eyes or stop her nose from running and is currently suffering from chronic depression (Carney, 2014). Not only this, but a Chinese woman was found brain dead while undergoing combined eye and nose procedure in a clinic located in southern Seoul (Choi, Park, 2014). She suddenly stopped breathing and lost consciousness while surgery and was sent to a nearby hospital but was diagnosed with brain death and currently remaining comatose. Lastly, standardization in appearance is also a reason why the aesthetic operation has to be reduced. A series of photos of 2013 Miss Korea preliminary contestants revealed by an anonymous blogger shocked not only Koreans but the whole world and news organizations worldwide. International news presses all at once, criticized on how plastic surgery has turned the 2013 preliminary pageant contestants into almost identical looking people (Lewis, 2013; Odell, 2013; Zimmerman, 2013). Not only contestants but similarly looking women can be easily seen in many places in Korea but especially in Gangnam a district popular for plastic surgery. Christina Lim, who is trying to emulate doll-like features of the K-pop celebrities, said â€Å"Plastic surgery is a normal thing. My friends, they would actually just go on vacation and then they would come back with a new face. In Korea, you go down the street, you see this girl and you walk down the street, you see that girl again. The two girls are actually different person† (Chang Thompson, 2014). As Lim stated, many Korean women desire to undergo operations to achieve big eyes, round forehead, tall nose and v-line shaped jaw lines which is the latest beauty standard in Korea. The problem occurs from people who do not fit the beauty standard. People who are considered as not pretty because they do not fit into the beauty standard have a hard time with getting along with others and fit in to the society. In conclusion, the paper argued about limitation of plastic surgery in Korea. We have looked at how cosmetic operations enhance self-esteem and decrease depression but on the other hand, cause serious problems like aesthetic surgery addiction, standardization in appearance and severe side effects that may lead to death and serious social problems. Cosmetic surgery was a surgery to remove the physical appearances that cause other health disease or mental disease but because it is carelessly done and overly used in Korea, it is causing more problems than benefit to the society. To prevent this, cosmetic operations have to be limited to patients who really need the procedure and not to unnecessary people. Doctors performing procedures should also be carefully examined before they can do any cosmetic operations to patients to avoid any malpractice caused by unqualified doctors. 1

An Assessment of Learning Disabled Bilingual Students :: Teaching Education

An Assessment of Learning Disabled Bilingual Students When speaking of the learning disabled, bilingual student, one must consider some dimensions to the issue of assessment within a particularly specialized light. This special population reflects both the learning disabled (LD) and the bilingual student. For purposes of this discussion, it is presumed that most all members of this specialized segment are Hispanic. This is largely the case within a practical context, although as the literature points out, pre-considerations must be afforded for bilingual education (students) Ñ as well as those members of the Hispanic community who reflect a variety of backgrounds, including Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, etc. To this extent, it is the view of this author that the challenges for the bilingual, learning disabled, and special education educator are particularly complex. To begin with, it is important to look at the many variables that exist within the aforementioned components. These components include English as a Second Lang uage (ESL), the extent to which Hispanic students speak English at home, the extent to which Spanish speaking students speak Spanish at home, the extent to which parents are involved or assume an active role in this overall effort, and finally the impact this has on teaching the learning disabled in a classroom setting Ñ and more specifically Ñ when employing the assistance of a translator. It is the view of this author that, too often, curriculum-based assessment is hampered with some biases, to which extent it is the aim of this author to address some of these. David P. Dolson (1985) offers us some insight into the importance of these relationships, stating that the most essential factor between academic achievement and scholastic performance on the part of the Hispanic child is directly related to the effect of Spanish home language. He challenges an assumption by many educators that Hispanic students from Spanish language homes do less well in schools than Hispanic stude nts from primarily English speaking homes. The direction of the difference on each of ten scholastic variables indicates that students from additive bilingual homes have a conspicuous advantage when compared to counterparts from subtractive bilingual homes. The importance of this finding is highlighted to a number of conclusions, which may be constructed on the basis of the data made available (1985). Based upon personal and practical experience, it has been the observations of this author that definitive controversy and even disagreement exists and is centered around various approaches to the academic advancement of the learning disabled, bilingual student.